The 4- to 20-mA current loop is ubiquitous in the world of controls in manufacturing plants. Discrete logic, microprocessors, and microcontrollers easily cover the digital portions of control schemes, ...

A current-limiting circuit is often needed to protect the most expensive parts of the circuit from transients such as current spikes, which occur when a power supply is driving a large capacitive load ...

Process-control applications usecurrent loops to send informationas an analog signal over long distanceswith high noise immunity. Using thethree-chip circuit in Figure 1, you canmeasure alternating ...

H-bridge buck-boost ICs are widely used in applications requiring a constant voltage or current source even when the system battery drops to lower voltages. They make sense when a single-stage ...

Here’s a question for you: when your PCB has a ground plane layer, where do return signals flow? It seems like a trick question, but as [Kristof Mulier] explains, there’s more to return path routing ...