Difference equations, as discrete analogues of differential equations, form a fundamental mathematical framework for describing systems that evolve incrementally over time or space. Coupled with ...

Mathematical models can be useful to developmental biologists, in particular in helping to bridge the gap in understanding between proposed molecular interactions inside and between cells and their ...

This paper considers the estimation of the parameters of general systems of stochastic differential-difference equations in which the lag parameters themselves are treated as unknown and are not ...