Two mathematicians have proved that a straightforward question—how hard is it to untie a knot?—has a complicated answer.

In an era driven by complex data, scientists are increasingly encountering information that doesn't lie neatly on flat, ...

In liquid-bearing concrete structures, joints are where protective linings fail first. A monolithic film is asked to span a ...

In many modern sciences, data often exist on curved geometric spaces rather than flat planes, posing challenges for ...